Welsh English

Welsh English, Anglo-Welsh, or Wenglish (see below) refers to the dialects of English spoken in Wales by Welsh people. The dialects are significantly influenced by Welsh grammar and often include words derived from Welsh. In addition to the distinctive words and grammar, there is a variety of accents found across Wales from the Cardiff dialect to that of the South Wales Valleys and to West Wales.

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Contents 1 Pronunciation 1.1 Vowels 1.1.1 Short monophthongs 1.1.2 Long monophthongs 1.1.3 Diphthongs 1.2 Consonants 2 Distinctive vocabulary and grammar 3 History of the English language in Wales 4 Influence outside Wales 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Pronunciation

Vowels

Short monophthongs

• The vowel of cat /æ/ is pronounced as a more central near-open front unrounded vowel [æ̈]^[1]. In Cardiff, bag is pronounced with a long vowel [aː]^[2]. In North Powys, a pronunciation resembling its New Zealand and South African analogue is sometimes heard, i.e. trap is pronounced /trɛp/^[3]
• The vowel of end /ɛ/ is a more open vowel and thus closer to cardinal vowel [ɜ] than R.P.^[4]
• The vowel of "kit" /ɪ/ often sounds closer to the schwa sound of above, an advanced close-mid central unrounded vowel [ɘ̟]^[5]
• The vowel of hot /ɒ/ is raised towards /ɔ/ and can thus be transcribed as [ɒ̝] or [ɔ̞]^[6]
• The vowel of "bus" /ʌ/ is pronounced as [ɜ], which is a shortened version of the vowel in R.P. bird^[7] and is encountered as a hypercorrection in northern areas for foot^[8]. It is sometimes manifested in border areas of north and mid Wales as an open front unrounded vowel /a/ or as a near-close near-back vowel /ʊ/ in northeast Wales, under influence of Cheshire and Merseyside accents.^[9]
• In accents that distinguish between foot and strut, the vowel of foot is a more lowered vowel [ɤ̈]^[10], particularly in the north^[11]
• The schwa of better may be different from that of above in some accents; the former may be pronounced as [ɜ], the same vowel as that of bus^[12]
• The schwa tends to be supplanted by an /ɛ/ in final closed syllables, e.g. brightest /ˈbɾəi.tɛst/. The uncertainty over which vowel to use often leads to 'hypercorrections' involving the schwa, e.g. programme is often pronounced /ˈproːɡ.rəm/^[13]

Long monophthongs

• The vowel of car is often pronounced as a more central open back unrounded vowel [ɑ̈]^[14] and more often as a long open front unrounded vowel /aː/^[15]
• In broader varieties, particularly in Cardiff, the vowel of bird is similar to South African and New Zealand, i.e. a lowered close-mid front rounded vowel [ø̞]^[16]
• Most other long monophthongs are similar to that of Received Pronunciation, but words with the RP /əʊ/ are sometimes pronounced as [oː] and the RP /eɪ/ as [eː]. An example that illustrates this tendency is the Abercrave pronunciation of play-place [ˈpleɪpˌleːs]^[17]
• In northern varieties, coat and caught/court are often merged into /kɔːt/^[18]
• In Rhymney, the diphthong of there is monophthongised [ɛː]^[19]

Diphthongs

• Fronting diphthongs tend to resemble Received Pronunciation, apart from the vowel of bite that has a more centralised onset [æ̈ɪ]^[20]
• Backing diphthongs are more varied^[21]:
  • The vowel of low in R.P., other than being rendered as a monophthong, like described above, is often pronounced as [oʊ̝]
  • The word town is pronounced similarly to the New Zealand pronunciation of tone, i.e. with a near-open central onset [ɐʊ̝]
  • The /juː/ of R.P. in the word due is usually pronounced as a true diphthong [ëʊ̝]

Consonants

• A strong tendency (shared with Scottish English and some South African accents) towards using an alveolar tap [ɾ] (a 'tapped r') in place of an approximant [ɹ] (the r used in most accents in England)^[22].
• Rhoticity is largely uncommon, apart from some speakers in Port Talbot who supplant the front vowel of bird with /ɚ/, like in many varieties of North American English^[23] and accents influenced by Welsh^[24]
• Some gemination between vowels is often encountered, e.g. money is pronounced [ˈmɜ.nːiː]^[25]
• In northern varieties influenced by Welsh, pens and pence merge into /pɛns/ and chin and gin into /dʒɪn/^[26]
• In the north-east, under influence of such accents as Scouse, ng coalescence does not take place, so sing is pronounced /sɪŋɡ/^[27]
• Also in northern accents, /l/ is frequently strongly velarised [ɫː]. In much of the south-east, clear and dark L alternate much like they do in R.P.^[28]
• The consonants are generally the same as R.P. but Welsh consonants like [ɬ] and [x] are encountered in loan words such as Llangefni and Harlech^[29]

Distinctive vocabulary and grammar

See List of English words of Welsh origin

Aside from lexical borrowings from Welsh like bach (little, wee), eisteddfod, nain and taid (grandmother and grandfather respectively), there exist distinctive grammatical conventions in vernacular Welsh English. Examples of this include the use by some speakers of the tag question isn't it? regardless of the form of the preceding statement and the placement of the subject and the verb after the predicate for emphasis, e.g. Fed up, I am or Running on Friday, he is^[30]

In South Wales the word "where" may often be expanded to "where to", as in the question, "Where to is your Mam?". The word "butty" is used to mean "friend" or "mate".^[31]

There is no standard variety of English that is specific to Wales, but such features are readily recognised by Anglophones from the rest of the UK as being from Wales, including the (actually rarely used) phrase look you which is a translation of a Welsh language tag^[32]

History of the English language in Wales

The presence of English in Wales intensified on the passing of the Laws in Wales Acts of 1535-1542, the statutes having promoted the dominance of English in Wales; this, coupled with the closure of the monasteries, which closed down many centres of Welsh education, led to decline in the use of the Welsh language.

The decline of Welsh and the ascendancy of English was intensified further during the Industrial Revolution, when many Welsh speakers moved to England to find work and the recently-developed mining and smelting industries came to be manned by Anglophones. David Crystal, who grew up in Holyhead, claims that the continuing dominance of English in Wales is little different from its spread elsewhere in the world.^[33]

Influence outside Wales

While English accents have affected the accents of English in Wales, influence has moved in both directions. In particular, Scouse and Brummie accents have both had extensive Anglo-Welsh input through immigration, although in the former case, the influence of Anglo-Irish is better known. To other English ears, the accent of many people in border towns in Herefordshire and Shropshire, such as Kington and Craven Arms, is Welsh.

See also

• Cardiff accent and dialect
• Regional accents of English speakers
• Gallo (Brittany)
• Lowland Scots

Other English dialects heavily influenced by Celtic languages

• Anglo-Cornish
• Anglo-Manx
• Bungi creole
• Hiberno-English
• Highland English (and Scottish English)

References

External links

• Sounds Familiar? – Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
• Talk Tidy : John Edwards, Author of books and CDs on the subject "Wenglish".
• Some thoughts and notes on the English of south Wales : D Parry-Jones, National Library of Wales journal 1974 Winter, volume XVIII/4
• Samples of Welsh Dialect(s)/Accent(s)
• Welsh vowels

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